10/31/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Expansion of Markets") and ("Changes in the Social Structure")
2)  Go over PCC applying for admissions process and apply in lab today
--Bring me your "G Number" after they send it to you in a few days
3)  Part C work in lab (Day 2 of 2)
--Due Monday.  Spend the extra time editing!

4)  Homework:  Study for Test 3


Honors U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Union Victorious, 1864-65")
2)  Video:  "The Geography of Hope"
--Take 2 pages of notes

3)  Homework: Textbook, pages 430-433; 435-442 ("Presidential Reconstruction") and ("Radical Reconstruction")
Focus your reading on:  a) Lincoln's Reconstruction plans  b) Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plans  c) Positives and negatives of Radical Reconstruction  d) Impeachment of Johnson

10/30/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Coming of Industry: Northeastern Manufacturing")
2)  Part C (Evaluation of Sources) of Research Paper (Day 1 of 2 in lab)
--Go over Research Paper Info Sheet 4 and sample paper first

3)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 296-312 ("The Expansion of Markets") and ("Changes in the Social Structure")
Focus your reading on:  Examples of the Transportation Revolution


Honors U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Turning Point: 1863")
2)  Finish Civil War video
--Discuss/hand in notes

3)  Homework: Textbook, pages 417-421; 424-426 ("The Union Victorious, 1864-65")
Focus your reading on:  (Essay Question material!)
a)  Role of African-American soldiers  b) Ulysses S. Grant's war strategy  c) Shenandoah Campaign  d) William T. Sherman's "March to the Sea"

10/29/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery, 1780-1820")
2)  Finish last 2 role plays
--Ask 1 more question from the audience
--Go over identities
--Staple 2 sheets together and hand in

3)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 286-288; 290-293; 296 ("The Coming of Industry: Northeastern Manufacturing")
Focus your reading on:  Francis Cabot Lowell

**Test Essay Question #3 will not be an option for Thursday's Test 3.
**Bring historian information and specific examples of source bias for tomorrow (starting Part C)


Honors U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("Towards Total War")
2)  Video:  Ken Burns' "Civil War" (Day 1 of 2)
--Take 2 pages of notes

3)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 413-416 ("Turning Point: 1863")
Focus your reading on:  a) Emancipation Proclamation  b) Battle of Gettysburg's significance

10/24/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Capitalist Commonwealth")
2)  Hand out Test 3 Prep Sheet
3)  4 groups:  War of 1812 Role Play
--Hand out identity sheet and Evaluation Form (assign roles)
--Audience asks 1 question per presentation (3 total)
--Do 2 presentations today

4)  Homework: Textbook, pages 261-269; 294-295 ("Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery, 1780-1820")
Focus your reading on:  a) Eli Whitney  b) Missouri Compromise


Honors U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("Secession and Military Stalemate")
2)  Readings on John Brown
a) Read pages 232-235 in books provided
b) Answer questions at top of page 236 along with opinion question on screen
c)  Graded discussion

3)  Textbook, pages 407-413 ("Toward Total War")
Focus your reading on:  a) How the Union prepared for war  b) How the Confederacy prepared for war

10/23/12

Advanced U.S. History:

**Hand in Part B and Debate Extra Credit
1)  Notes ("Republican War Hawks")
2)  4 groups:  War of 1812 Role Play (Prep Day)
--Study Option information
--Complete "Presenting Your Option"
--Make presentation sheet

3)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 241-247 ("The Capitalist Commonwealth")
Focus your reading on:  Marbury vs. Madison backstory and Supreme Court decision


Honors U.S. History:

**Hand in Debate Extra Credit
1)  Notes ("The Election of 1856 and Dred Scott")
2)  Major Players in the Pre-Civil War Slavery Debate presentations
--Audience takes class notes

3)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 398-407 ("Secession and Military Stalemate")
Focus your reading on:  a) Fort Sumter  b) Jefferson Davis  c) Antietam

10/22/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Transit of Power")
2)  Continue working on Part B of the Research Paper in the lab.  Due tomorrow.

3)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 235; 238-241 ("Republican War Hawks")
Focus your reading on:  a)  War Hawks and their goals  b) Treaty of Ghent  c) Hartford Convention


Honors U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Crime Against Kansas")
2)  "Major Players in the Pre-Civil War Slavery Debate" (Prep Day in lab)
--Present tomorrow

3)  Homework: Textbook, pages 390-394 ("The Election of 1856 and Dred Scott")
Focus your reading on:  a) Dred Scott  b) Lincoln-Douglas Debates  c) Election of 1860


TONIGHT'S EXTRA CREDIT ASSIGNMENT FOR BOTH CLASSES:
Last Presidential Debate:  6:00-7:30 on many TV news stations
Debate focus:  Foreign policy

5 point student option:  1) Write down each issue as it is introduced by the moderator.  2) Make 2 columns under each issue labeled "Obama" and "Romney".  3) Take notes on each candidate's stance on that issue.  4) Take at least 2 full pages of notes in this format.  5) At the end, place a star next to the points that you felt were presented effectively.  Place a check next to the points that you feel were not effective, persuasive, or convincing.  As much as possible, try and make this judgment without your political bias affecting your decision.  Based on your marks, who won the debate?  6)  Sign your name at the end indicating you honestly watched the debate and have a parent/guardian also sign verifying this.
10 point option with a parent/guardian:  1)  Do the same as above for yourself.  2)  Have a parent or guardian do the same separately from you on different sheets of paper.  3) Have the parent/guardian sign their notes at the end verifying what they did.  4) Use the STUDENT/PARENT DEBATE DISCUSSION SHEET to have a conversation about the debate.  Sign in the appropriate areas, staple all the sheets together, and hand in tomorrow at the start of class.

10/19/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Republicans' Political Revolution")
2)  Part B (Summary of Evidence) of Research Paper (Day 1 of 2 in lab)
--Hand out Research Paper Info Sheet 3 and Footnote help sheet
--Use all 4 secondary sources
--500-600 word count

3)  Homework: Richard Hofstadter reading in Blue Reader ("The Transit of Power")
Focus your reading on:  How did Jefferson and the Federalists view each other?


Honors U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("Slavery, Rum, and Romanism")
2)  4 groups: The Compromise of 1850 
--Read assigned document and answer questions.  Also include what your person's view was on the Fugitive Slave Act
--Group presentation of information
--Audience takes some class notes

3)  Homework: James McPherson reading in Yellow Reader ("The Crime Against Kansas") [Pages 145-169]
Focus your reading on:  a) "Bleeding Kansas"  b) John Brown  c) "The Caning of Sumner" (Charles Sumner)  d) Election of 1856 (Buchanan vs. Fremont)  e) Lecompton Constitution

10/18/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1) Notes ("The Rise of Political Parties") and ("Western Expansion")
2)  Hamilton vs. Jefferson presentations
--Each group member presents
--Audience takes class notes
--Discussion questions at the end

3)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 230-234 ("The Republicans' Political Revolution")
Focus your reading on:  a) Louisiana Purchase  b) 2 reasons Aaron Burr became infamous  c) Trouble with Britain and France at sea

REMINDER:  Part B will start in class tomorrow
a)  Bring flashdrive, laptop, etc. (your paper so far)
b)  Bring all of your research notes, bibliographic info, and sample paper
c)  Read over your notes thoroughly, categorizing them in connection to your 3 points


Honors U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("An Empire for Slavery")
2)  Finish video; discuss and hand in notes

3)  Homework:  James McPherson reading in Yellow Reader ("Slavery, Rum, and Romanism) [Pages 117-144]
Focus your reading on:  a) Election of 1852  b) Kansas-Nebraska Act  c) Stephen A. Douglas and popular sovereignty  d) Republican Party created  e) American ("Know-Nothing") Party

10/17/12

Advanced U.S. History:

**Presidential Debate Extra Credit due
1)  Notes ("The Political Crisis of the 1790s")
2)  Discuss/hand in Madison questions
3)  2 groups:  Alexander Hamilton vs. Thomas Jefferson (Prep Day in lab)
--Each group member types up information for presentation tomorrow

4)  Homework: Textbook, pages 216-218; 222-230 ("The Rise of Political Parties") and ("Western Expansion")
Focus your reading on:  a) XYZ Affair  b) Alien and Sedition Acts  c) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions  d) Hamilton's role in Jefferson's 1800 election  e) "Revolution of 1800"

Honors U.S. History:
**Presidential Debate Extra Credit due
1)  Notes ("Mexico Will Poison Us")-Part 2
2)  Video:  "Empire Upon the Trails"
--Take 2 pages of notes in the following categories: a) Manifest Destiny b) Mexican-American War  c) Oregon Trail  d) Texas  e) Whitmans  f) Mormons

3)  Homework:  James McPherson reading in Yellow Reader ("An Empire for Slavery") [Pages 78-116]
Focus your reading on:  a) Specific Northern and Southern reactions to the Fugitive Slave Act  b) Role of Cuba  c) Role of Nicaragua/William Walker

10/16/12

Advanced U.S. History:

**Part A due
1)  Notes ("The Framers of the Constitution and the 'Genius' of the People")
2)  3 groups:  James Madison's Federalist #10 ("Factions: Their Cause and Control")
--Read document carefully and answer questions

3)  Homework: Textbook, pages 210-215 ("The Political Crisis of the 1790s")
Focus your reading on:  a) Alexander Hamilton's financial plan  b) Jay's Treaty  c) Whiskey Rebellion


Honors U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("From the Halls of Montezuma") and ("Mexico Will Poison Us")-Part 1
2)  Finish Documentary Evidence of Slavery
--Discuss and hand in

3)  Homework:  James McPherson reading in Yellow Reader ("Mexico Will Poison Us")-Part 2 [Pages 64-77]
Focus your reading on:  a) California Gold Rush  b) Compromise of 1850  c) Fugitive Slave Act  d) Henry Clay  e) Daniel Webster


TONIGHT'S EXTRA CREDIT ASSIGNMENT FOR BOTH CLASSES:
Second Presidential Debate:  6:00-7:30 on many TV news stations
Debate focus:  Foreign and domestic policy in a town hall format

5 point student option:  1) Write down each issue as it is introduced by the moderator.  2) Make 2 columns under each issue labeled "Obama" and "Romney".  3)  Take notes on each candidate's stance on that issue.  4) Take at least 2 full pages of notes in this format.  5) At the end, place a star next to the points that you feel were presented effectively.  Place a check next to the points that you feel were not effective, persuasive, or convincing.  As much as possible, try and make this judgment without your political bias affecting your decision.  Based on your marks, who won the debate?  6)  Sign your name at the end indicating you honestly watched the debate and have a parent/guardian also sign verifying this.
10 point option with a parent/guardian:  1)  Do the same as above for yourself.  2)  Have a parent or guardian do the same thing separately from you on different sheets of paper.  3) Have the parent/guardian sign their notes at the end verifying what they did.  4)  Use the STUDENT/PARENT DEBATE DISCUSSION SHEET to have a conversation about the debate.  Sign in the appropriate areas, staple all of these sheets together, and hand in tomorrow at the start of class.

10/15/12

Advanced U.S. History:

**Hand in Vice-Presidential Debate Extra Credit
1)  Notes ("The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action")
2)  Part A (Plan of the Investigation) of Research Paper done in class
--Due tomorrow

3)  Homework: Alfred Young reading in Blue Reader ("The Framers of the Constitution and the 'Genius' of the People")
Focus your reading on:  Young's view on the motivations of the Founders in writing the Constitution


Honors U.S. History:
**Hand in Vice-Presidential Debate Extra Credit
1)  Notes ("Manifest Destiny")
2) Continue working on "Documentary Evidence of Slavery"

3)  Homework:  James McPherson reading in Yellow Reader (handed out today)
("From the Halls of Montezuma") and ("Mexico Will Poison Us")-Part 1   [Pages 3-5; 47-64]
Focus your reading on:  a) Mexican-American War  b) Wilmot Proviso  c) Free-Soil Movement  d) Election of 1848  e) Popular sovereignty

10/12/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1) Notes ("The Constitution: Was it an Economic Document?")
2)  Video:  "Are We to be a Nation?"
--Take 1 page of notes

3)  Homework: John Roche reading in Blue Reader ("The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action")
Focus your reading on:  Roche's view of the Founders who wrote the Constitution

Reminders:
a)  Vice-Presidential Debate Extra Credit due Monday
b)  Read reminders about Part A on yesterday's blog entry


Honors U.S. History:

1) Notes ("Abolitionism")
2)  Read primary sources on slavery
--Start the Documentary Evidence of Slavery sheet (paragraph length responses on your own paper)

3)  Homework: Textbook, pages 368-376 ("Manifest Destiny")
Focus your reading on:  a) Manifest Destiny  b) John Tyler  c) "Fifty-four forty or fight!"

Reminder:  Vice-Presidential Debate Extra Credit due Monday

10/11/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Constitution: A Minority Document")
2)  Constitution Role Play
--Hand out "Travellers at the Inn".  Keep same identities as last time.
--Ask only 1 question when you're in the audience
--Staple 2 sheets together and hand in

3)  Homework:  Henry Steele Commager reading in Blue Reader ("The Constitution: Was it an Economic Document?")
Focus your reading on:  Commager's view on the motivations of the Founders who wrote the Constitution

IMPORTANT REMINDERS FOR MONDAY (when you will do Part A of the Research Paper):
1)  Your 3 points have to be figured out.  See me or email me before Monday if you haven't confirmed these with me yet.
2)  Pick 2 sources to be analyzed in Part C of the paper (either 2 historians or 1 historian and 1 primary source).
3)  Think of 2 points you could have chosen, but did not make the final cut.
4)  How will you be doing your paper in class and at home? (Flashdrive or bring your own laptop).  Part A through Part E are all done as one continuous document.


Honors U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Slave South: A Distinctive Society")
2)  Andrew Jackson Controversial Issues Role Play
--Last 3 groups present today
--Finish completing Evaluation Form
--Ask 1 more question from the audience
--Hand in 2 sheets stapled

3)  Homework: Textbook, pages 352-358 ("Abolitionism")
Focus your reading on:  a) American Colonization Society  b) Nat Turner


TONIGHT'S EXTRA CREDIT ASSIGNMENT FOR BOTH CLASSES (This can be turned in on Monday, 10/15):
Vice-Presidential Debate:  6:00-7:30 on many TV news stations
Debate focus:  Foreign and domestic policy

5 point student option:  1)  Write down each issue as it is introduced by the moderator.  2)  Make 2 columns under each issue labeled "Biden" and "Ryan".  3)  Take notes on each candidate's stance on that issue.  4)  Take at least 2 full pages of notes in this format.  5)  At the end, place a star next to the points that you feel were presented effectively.  Place a check next to the points that you feel were not effective, persuasive, or convincing.  As much as possible, try and make this judgment without your political bias affecting your decision.  Based on your marks, who won the debate?  6)  Sign your name at the end indicating you honestly watched the debate and have a parent/guardian also sign verifying this.
10 point option with a parent/guardian:  1)  Do the same as above for yourself.  2)  Have a parent or guardian do the same thing separately from you on different sheets of paper.  3)  Have the parent/guardian sign their notes at the end verifying what they did.  4)  Use the STUDENT/PARENT DEBATE DISCUSSION SHEET to have a conversation about the debate.  Sign in the appropriate areas, staple all of these sheets together, and hand in Monday at the start of class.

10/10/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Constitution of 1787")
2)  3 groups:  Constitution Role Play
a)  Read Option information  b) "Completing Your Option" sheet  c) Make presentation sheet

3)  Homework:  Charles Beard reading in Blue Reader ("The Constitution: A Minority Document")
Focus your reading on:  Beard's thesis about the Founders' motivations in writing the Constitution


Honors U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("Class, Culture, and the 2nd Party System") and ("Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too!")
2)  Andrew Jackson Controversial Issues Role Play
--3 groups present today
--Start completing Evaluation Form
--Ask 1 question per day

3)  Sorry--no homework reading tonight


10/9/12 Agenda (Forgot to post it yesterday)

Advanced U.S. History:

**Part F (Bibliographies) due
1)  Constitutional Convention Graded Debate
--You need to respond to at least 2 of the 10 issues during the debate

2)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 201-205; 208-210 ("The Constitution of 1787")
Focus your reading on:  a) Connecticut (or "Great") Compromise  b) 3/5 Compromise  c)  Differences between Federalists and Antifederalists

Honors U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829-37")
2)  Role Play Prep Day 2 of 2
--Complete "Considering Your Option" sheet
--Make presentation sheet
--Anticipate/prepare for hostile questions

3)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 330-335; 338 ("Class, Culture, and the 2nd Party System") and ("Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too!")
Focus your reading on:  a) 2nd Party System: Democrats vs. Whigs  b) William Henry Harrison and the Election of 1840  c)  John Tyler's presidency

10/8/12

Advanced U.S. History:

**Day 3 Notes due
1)  Notes ("Creating Republican Institutions, 1776-87")
2)  Part F (Bibliography) of Research Paper done in lab
--Due by tomorrow
--Use this link to help you make your bibliography if you need it:
http://citationmachine.net/index2.php?reqstyleid=1&newstyle=1&stylebox=1

3)  Homework:  Read "The Mini-Debates of Philadelphia" to prepare for Constitutional Convention Debate tomorrow
Assigned positions based on your birth month:
A/B issues: Jan-Jun/Jul-Dec
A/B/C issues:  Jan-Apr/May-Aug/Sep-Dec
A/B/C/D issues:  Jan-Mar/Apr-Jun/Jul-Sep/Oct-Dec


Honors U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Rise of Popular Politics, 1820-29")
2)  Andrew Jackson Controversial Issues Role Play (Prep Day 1 of 2)
a)  Investigate as a group what your topic is all about and get a sense of 2 opposing viewpoints' beliefs
b)  Print off information/take notes/highlight

3)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 321-330 ("The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829-37")
Focus your reading on:  a) South Carolina and nullification  b) Jackson's "Bank War"  c)  Jackson and Native American Removal

10/5/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1)  Test 2

2)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 194-201 ("Creating Republican Institutions, 1776-87")
Focus your reading on:  a) Northwest Ordinance of 1787  b) Shays' Rebellion

**Remember to finish Day 3 Notes by Monday (2 primary sources and 1 or 2 historian info).
**Bring all of your bibliographic information Monday to type up bibliography in lab.


Honors U.S. History:

1)  Test 2

2)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 316-321 ("The Rise of Popular Politics, 1820-29")
Focus your reading on:  a) John Quincy Adams and the "Corrupt Bargain"  b) Henry Clay's "American System"

10/4/12

Advanced U.S. History:

**Collected Day 2 Notes and Extra Credit assignment
1)  Notes ("The Path to Victory, 1778-83") and ("Republicanism Defined and Challenged")
2)  Note-taking Day 3 (2 primary sources and info on historians)
--Work in lab; finish over weekend; due Monday

3)  Homework:  Study for Test 2


Honors U.S. History:

**Collected Extra Credit assignment
1)  Notes ("The Coming of Industry: Northeastern Manufacturing") and ("The Expansion of Markets")
2)  6 groups:  Working Girls of Lowell
--Use books provided (pages 146-164)
--Answer the questions pertaining to your document(s) from page 171 using paper and pens provided
--Groups present to class.  Everybody talks!

3)  Homework:  Study for Test 2

10/3/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Trials of War, 1776-78")
2)  Note-taking Day 2 (2 secondary sources)
--At least 1 page of notes per source
--Identify in your notes the information corresponds to your 3 points

3)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 175-179; 182; 184-190 ("The Path to Victory, 1778-83") and ("Republicanism Defined and Challenged")
Focus your reading on:  a) American alliance with France  b) Battle of Yorktown  c) Loyalists after the war

FOR TOMORROW:  Bring 2 primary sources and information for 1 or 2 of your historians.


Honors U.S History:

1)  Notes ("Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery, 1780-1820")
2)  Finish War of 1812 Role Play
--2 groups present
--Go over identity choices
--Hand in both sheets stapled

3)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 286-288; 290-293; 296-303 ("The Coming of Industry: Northeastern Manufacturing") and ("The Expansion of Markets")
Focus your reading on:  a) Francis Cabot Lowell  b) Examples of the Transportation Revolution


TONIGHT'S EXTRA CREDIT ASSIGNMENT FOR BOTH CLASSES:
First Presidential Debate:  6:00-7:30 on many TV news stations
Debate focus:  Domestic policy

5 point student option:  1)  Write down each issue as it is introduced by the moderator. 2)  Make 2 columns under each issue labeled "Obama" and "Romney". 3)  Take notes on each candidate's stance on that issue.  4)  Take at least 2 full pages of notes in this format  5)  At the end, place a star next to the points that you feel were presented effectively.  Place a check next to the points that you feel were not effective, persuasive, or convincing.  As much as possible, try and make this judgment without your political bias affecting your decision.  Based on your marks, who won the debate?  6)  Sign your name at the end indicating you honestly watched the debate and have a parent/guardian also sign verifying this.
10 point option with a parent/guardian:  1)  Do the same as above for yourself.  2)  Have a parent or guardian do the same thing separately from you on different sheets of paper.  3) Have the parent/guardian sign their notes at the end verifying what they did.  4)  Use the STUDENT/PARENT DEBATE DISCUSSION SHEET to have a conversation about the debate.  Sign in the appropriate areas, staple all of these sheets together, and hand in Thursday at the start of class.

10/2/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("Conflict and Consensus in the American Revolution")
2)  Revolutionary War Role Play
--Last 2 groups present
--Hand in both sheets stapled

3)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 170-175 ("The Trials of War, 1776-78")
Focus your reading on:  a) Battle of Saratoga  b) Valley Forge c) Baron von Steuben

BRING 2 MORE SECONDARY SOURCES FOR DAY 2 NOTES TOMORROW.


Honors U.S. History:

1) Notes ("Republican War Hawks")
2)  War of 1812 Role Play
--10 minutes to finish prep
--Hand out identity sheet/Evaluation and assign roles
--Audience asks 3 questions (1 per group)
--2 groups present today

3)  Homework:  Textbook, pages 261-269; 294-295 ("Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery, 1780-1820")
Focus your reading on:  a) Eli Whitney  b) Missouri Compromise  c) Monroe Doctrine

10/1/12

Advanced U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The American Revolution as a Colonial War for Independence")
2)  Test 2 Prep Sheet
3)  Revolutionary War Role Play
a) Brief group meeting  b) Hand out "Travellers at the Inn..." and assign roles  c) Complete Evaluation Forms  d) Audience asks 2 questions (1 per day)  e) 2 groups present today

4)  Homework: Edmund Morgan reading in Blue Reader ("Conflict and Consensus in the American Revolution")
Focus your reading on: What is Morgan's main point or "thesis" about the Revolution?


Honors U.S. History:

1)  Notes ("The Republicans' Political Revolution") and ("The Capitalist Commonwealth")
2) Test 2 Prep info
3)  4 groups:  War of 1812 Role Play (Prep Day)
a)  Read Option info  b) Complete "Presenting Your Option"sheet  c) Make presentation sheet

4)  Homework: Textbook, page 235; 238-241 ("Republican War Hawks")
Focus your reading on:  a) War Hawks and their goals  b) Treaty of Ghent  c) Hartford Convention